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Russian language in Azerbaijan
Russian is the first language of more than 150,000 people in Azerbaijan, predominantly ethnic Russians, as well as of Russified Azeris, Ukrainians, Jews, and other minorities. In 1994, 38% of Azerbaijanis spoke Russian fluently as a second language.〔Suny, Ronald and others, "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia." DIANE Publishing, 1996; with. 103〕
== History ==
(詳細はSouth Caucasus following its colonisation in the first half of the nineteenth century after Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories per the Treaty of Gulistan and Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1813 and 1828 respectively to Russia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ... )〕 By 1830 there were schools with Russian as the language of instruction in the cities of Shusha, Baku, Elisabethpol, and Shamakhi; later such schools were established in Quba, Ordubad, and Zagatala. Education in Russian was unpopular among ethnic Azeris until 1887, when Habib bey Mahmudbeyov and Sultan Majid Ganizadeh founded the first Russian-Azeri school in Baku. A secular school with instruction in both Russian and Azeri, its programs were designed to be consistent with the cultural values and traditions of the Muslim population.〔Humbatov, Tamara. (Baku and the Germans: 1885 - 1887 years ).〕 Eventually 240 such schools, including a women's college founded in 1901, were established prior to the "Sovietization" of the South Caucasus.〔Mamedov, N. (education system in Azerbaijan ).〕 The first Russian-Azeri reference library opened in 1894.〔(Azerbaijan in the second half of the nineteenth century ).〕 In 1918, during the short period of the Azerbaijan's independence, the government declared Azerbi the official language, but the use of Russian in government documents was permitted until all civil servants mastered the official language.〔Aryeh Wasserman. «A Year of Rule by the Popular Front of Azerbaijan». Yaacov Ro'i (ed.). Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legaies. Routledge, 1995; p. 153〕
In the Soviet era, the large Russian population of Baku, the quality and prospects of education in Russian, increased access to Russian literature, and other factors contributed to the intensive Russification of the Baku's population. Its direct result by the mid-twentieth century was the formation of a supra-ethnic urban Baku subculture, uniting people of Russian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Jewish, and other origins and whose special features were being cosmopolitan and Russian-speaking.〔Rumyantsev, Sergey. (capital, a city or village. ) Results of urbanization in a separate taken in the South Caucasus republic.〕〔Mamardashvili, Merab. («The solar plexus" of Eurasia. )〕〔Chertovskikh, Juliana and Lada Stativina . (Azerbaijan lost Nasiba Zeynalova ).〕 The widespread use of Russian resulted in a phenomenon of 'Russian-speaking Azeris', i.e. an emergence of an urban community of Azerbaijani-born ethnic Azeris who considered Russian their native language.〔Yunusov, Arif. (Ethnic and migration processes in the post-Soviet Azerbaijan ).〕 In 1970, 57,500 Azeris (1.3%) identified Russian as their native language.〔Alexandre Bennigsen, S. Enders Wimbush. (Muslims of the Soviet Empire ). C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1985; with. 138〕
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